What is Open Educational Resources?
Open Educational Resources (OER) are defined as instruction, self-learning and intellectual materials that use suitable tools, such as open licensing, to permit their unrestricted re-use, constant upgrading and repurposing by others for educational purposes.
The definition given by UNESCO is – “Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research materials in any medium – digital or otherwise – that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions. OER form part of ‘Open Solutions’, alongside Free and Open Source software (FOSS), Open Access (OA), Open Data (OD) and crowdsourcing platforms”
David Wiley defines the terms “open content” and “open educational resources” as any copyrightable work (traditionally excluding software, which is described by other terms like “open source”) that is either (1) in the public domain OR (2) licensed in a manner that provides users with free and perpetual permission to engage in the 5R activities:
1. Retain - the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate,
store, and manage)
2. Re-use - right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)
3. Revise - the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)
4. Remix - the right to combine the original or revised content with other material to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)
5. Redistribute - the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions or remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)
Above texts are adopted from Defining the ”Open” in Open Content and Open Educational Resources was written original writing by David Wiley , which was published freely under a Creative Commons Attribute 4.0 license at http://opencontent.org/definition/.
Reference:
Patel, K. J., Prakash, K., & Parekh, Y. R. (2021). Open Educational Resources: An Overview. Towards Excellence, 13(2), 295-306. ISSN 0974-035X. https://doi.org/10.37867/TE130224
Open Educational Resources (OER) are defined as instruction, self-learning and intellectual materials that use suitable tools, such as open licensing, to permit their unrestricted re-use, constant upgrading and repurposing by others for educational purposes.
The definition given by UNESCO is – “Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research materials in any medium – digital or otherwise – that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions. OER form part of ‘Open Solutions’, alongside Free and Open Source software (FOSS), Open Access (OA), Open Data (OD) and crowdsourcing platforms”
David Wiley defines the terms “open content” and “open educational resources” as any copyrightable work (traditionally excluding software, which is described by other terms like “open source”) that is either (1) in the public domain OR (2) licensed in a manner that provides users with free and perpetual permission to engage in the 5R activities:
1. Retain - the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate,
store, and manage)
2. Re-use - right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)
3. Revise - the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)
4. Remix - the right to combine the original or revised content with other material to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)
5. Redistribute - the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions or remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)
Above texts are adopted from Defining the ”Open” in Open Content and Open Educational Resources was written original writing by David Wiley , which was published freely under a Creative Commons Attribute 4.0 license at http://opencontent.org/definition/.
Reference:
Patel, K. J., Prakash, K., & Parekh, Y. R. (2021). Open Educational Resources: An Overview. Towards Excellence, 13(2), 295-306. ISSN 0974-035X. https://doi.org/10.37867/TE130224
What is Open Access?
Open Access literature refers to scholarly publications that are freely available for internet access without any restrictions or fees. This type of literature is digital in nature and can be read without any cost (gratis). Additionally, Open Access literature is often exempt from most copyright and licensing limitations. The term "barrier-free" access could be utilized.
Models of Open-Access Publishing
What can be made available under Open Access?
There are serious, practical, successful campaigns to provide many kinds of content useful toscholars which includes.
Open Access literature refers to scholarly publications that are freely available for internet access without any restrictions or fees. This type of literature is digital in nature and can be read without any cost (gratis). Additionally, Open Access literature is often exempt from most copyright and licensing limitations. The term "barrier-free" access could be utilized.
“Open-access (OA) literature is digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions. What makes it possible is the internet and the consent of the author or copyright-holder”. -Peter Suber
Models of Open-Access Publishing
- Gold Open Access
- Green Open Access
- Hybrid Journal
- Mandate (Open Access)
- Embargo Open Access
- Institutional Repository (IR) Open Access
What can be made available under Open Access?
There are serious, practical, successful campaigns to provide many kinds of content useful toscholars which includes.
- Archival records and manuscripts images (artworks, photographs, diagrams, maps) teaching.
- Government data source code conference presentations (texts, slides, audio, video) scholarly learning materials (“open education resources” and “open courseware”) monographs textbooks novels, stories, plays, and poetry newspapers.
- Peer-reviewed research articles.
- ARXIV arXiv
arXiv is a free distribution service and an open-access archive for scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics. arXiv is a collaboratively funded, community-supported resource founded by Paul Ginsparg in 1991 and maintained and operated by Cornell University. - BRXIV bioRxiv
bioRxiv (pronounced "bio-archive") is a free online archive and distribution service for unpublished preprints in the life sciences. It is operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a not-for-profit research and educational institution. By posting preprints on bioRxiv, authors are able to make their findings immediately available to the scientific community and receive feedback on draft manuscripts before they are submitted to journals. - CRXIV ChemRxiv
ChemRxiv (pronounced 'chem-archive') is a free submission, distribution and archive service for unpublished preprints in chemistry and related areas.
It gives researchers across a broad range of chemistry fields the opportunity to share early results with colleagues and respond to comments and recommendations for improvement, ahead of formal peer review and publication.
- ERTRXIV EarthArXiv Preprints
Capturing a broad spectrum of interest and experience will help EarthArXiv consider and include the full geoscience community. An essential step to achieving this objective is to ensure broad and intersectional diversity in staffing our Advisory Council. - ERXIV engrXiv Preprints
engrXiv (engineering archive) is dedicated to the dissemination of engineering knowledge quickly and efficiently. engrXiv was launched in beta in July 2016 under the direction of Devin R. Berg, associate professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Stout, and in partnership with the Center for Open Science. - IndiaRxiv Preprints
A Preprints Repository Service for India Maintained by Open Access India. - MRXIV medRxiv
medRxiv (pronounced "med-archive") is a free online archive and distribution server for complete but unpublished manuscripts (preprints) in the medical, clinical, and related health sciences. Preprints are preliminary reports of work that have not been peer-reviewed. - Preprints.org
Preprints.org is a free preprint server subsidized by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland. - PsyArXiv Preprints
PsyArXiv (psychology archive) is a free preprint service for the psychological sciences, designed to facilitate rapid dissemination of psychological research. PsyArXiv is a creation of the Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science (SIPS) and the Center for Open Science (COS). - SRXIV SocArXiv Papers
SocArXiv, open archive of the social sciences, provides a free, non-profit, open access platform for social scientists to upload working papers, preprints, and published papers, with the option to link data and code. SocArXiv is dedicated to opening up social science, to reach more people more effectively, to improve research, and build the future of scholarly communication.
- bookboon
Note: Free textbooks written by professors from the world’s top universities, all on one easy-to-use online ebook platform. - Cambridge University Press OA Books
- JSTOR Open Books
Note: Open and free content on JSTOR - OAPEN Books
Note: OAPEN Library contains freely accessible academic books, mainly in the area of humanities and social sciences - Open Access publisher
Note: Open Access publisher in the Humanities and Social Sciences in the UK: a not-for-profit Social Enterprise run by scholars who are committed to making high-quality research freely available to readers around the world. - Open Textbook Library
Note: Open textbooks are textbooks that have been funded, published, and licensed to be freely used, adapted, and distributed. - Open Textbooks
Note: Free, adaptable, openly licensed textbooks and supplemental resources. - OpenStax CNX Library
Note: OpenStax publishes high-quality, peer-reviewed, openly licensed textbooks that are absolutely free online and low cost in print. - Taylor & Francis Open Access Books
Note: There are 1000 plus eBooks available as Open Access.
- Aggregator of Global Open Science and Research (AGOSR)
The Aggregator of Global Open Science and Research (AGOSR) was established in 2022 and serves as a global aggregator through its robust open-access platform, which contains a growing repository of quality resources. - OAPEN
OAPEN promotes and supports the transition to open access for academic books by providing open infrastructure services to stakeholders in scholarly communication. We work with publishers to build a quality-controlled collection of open-access books and provide services for publishers, libraries, and research funders in the areas of hosting, deposit, quality assurance, dissemination, and digital preservation.
- CORE CORE
CORE’s mission is to aggregate all open access research outputs from repositories and journals worldwide and make them available to the public. In this way CORE facilitates free unrestricted access to research for all. CORE is a not-for-profit service delivered by The Open University and Jisc. - SCIOPEN Science Open
ScienceOpen is a discovery platform with interactive features for scholars to enhance their research in the open, make an impact, and receive credit for it. We provide context building services for publishers, to bring researchers closer to the content than ever before. Our advanced search and discovery functions, combined with post-publication peer review, recommendation, social sharing, and collection-building features make ScienceOpen the only research platform you’ll ever need. - F1000Research
An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing.
- Open Research Central
Open Research Central is a not-for-profit organisation created to enable the international research community to establish standards for academic publishing.
These platforms are currently operated by F1000 Research Limited and use a model of rapid publication followed by transparent invited peer review, and require the inclusion of all supporting data.